The Clean Water Act Of 1977 :: The Clean Water Act

As swans drift with the current on a secluded lake in upper Canada they think not of the water they are in but of dreams of the past and wants for the future. On the other hand, seals off the coast of Northern California fear for their lives every day of humans exploiting their natural habitat. Many things can endanger water born animals, and most all of these come directly from humans. The pollutants of water come from many sources both close and far away from the water body itself. Wastes of humans are the major cause of pollution in the water, such materials include sewage, chemicals among other notable items. First, the composition water: water is odorless, tasteless and a transparent liquid. Though in large quantities water appears to have a bluish tint, it maintains the transparent tendency when observed in smaller quantities. Water covers approximately seventy percent of the Earth's surface in the solid and liquid form. Pollutants can be carried over a great distance by combin ing with evaporating moisture, forming clouds and then the wind taking the clouds to the larger body of water. This process is called acid rain and it is a major source of water pollution. Acid rain has been a problem since the Industrial Revolution, and has kept growing ever since. With acid rain moving over to a fresh water body, the plants and animals could experience pollution that they never had to deal with before and they could possibly die for the sudden change without them having time to adapt, if this is possible. Clean water involves seclusion of lakes and hoping the acid rain does not reach these pure water supplies. Another major source of contaminating clean water are oil spills and how destructively they blanket the shoreline they come in contact with. Although offshore drilling expeditions contribute some to the devastating outcome, oil tankers are the superior enemies toward the water. One estimate is that for every one million tons of petroleum shipped one ton is s pilled. The largest super tanker spill was in 1979 when 3.3 million barrels was spilled off the coast of France. The largest in the United States was the Exxon Valdez in the gulf of Alaska. On the night of March 24, 1989 the 987 foot Exxon Valdez ran aground in the gulf of Alaska spilling 260,000 barrels of oil. With the help of the forceful winds, the slick soon covered about 1,100 miles of shoreline, including many islands in the sound.

Example of Perfect Competition in the Philippines

MARKET STRUCTURES IN THE PHILIPPINES â€Å"A term paper submitted as a partial fulfillment of the requirements in Microeconomics† Submitted by : Jake Kevin P Borja BSBM – IIB Submitted to: Ms. Azelle Agdon Date of submision : October 10, 2012 I. Introduction Any study of economics has to begin with an understanding of the basic market structure of the country. An economy is made up of producers of goods and services, of traders who make these goods and services available in the market, of consumers who buy the goods and services and so on. Philippine is an industrialized country wherein there is a lot of establishments and firms inside it. A of lot competitions here like retail trade, including restaurants, clothing stores, convenience stores, gasoline stations and etc. We all have the freedom to enter a new business firm, we just need the extensive knowledge of prices and technology. The real world is widely populated by competitors whereas half of the economy’s total production comes from competitive firms. A market structure is characterized by a large number of small firms but not identical products sold by all firms. These are the four basic market structure in the Philippines, Pure competition, monopoly, oligopoly and cartel. Competitors have typically small firms, absolute and relative and capital requirements are low. Competitive industries is relatively easy but we have to know the market structure where we will establish our own business because if not  nothing prevents an competitor from holding a going out of business sale and shutting down. II. Pure Competition The market consists of buyers and sellers trading in a uniform commodity such as wheat, copper or financial securities. No single buyer or seller has much effect on the going market price. A seller cannot change more than the going price, because buyer can obtain as much as they need at the going price. In a purely competitive market, marketing research, product development, pricing, advertising and sales promotion play little or no role. Thus, sellers in these markets do not spend much time on marketing strategy. A market said to be purely competitive if :1. There is a large number of buyers and sellers of the commodity each too small affect the prices of the commodity.2. The output of all firms in the market are homogenous. Example: The product of any seller is considered as exactly alike in all respects to the product of any other seller and :3. There is perfect mobility of resources. Example: There is freedom of entry into and exit in the industry. Perfect competition : To the far left of the market structure continuum is perfect competition, characterized by a large number of relatively small competitors, each with no market control. Perfect competition is an idealized market structure that provides a benchmark efficiency.Example of Pure Competition : Wheat Farm – There are great number of similar farms; the product is standardized; there is no control over price; there is no nonprice competition. However, entry is difficult because of the cost of acquiring land and from present proprietor. Ofcourse, government programs to assist agriculture complicate the purity of this example. III. Monopoly A market with a sole supplier of good and services or resources for which there is no close subtitute. In addition, there is barriers to entry of new firms. In economics, an industry with a single firm that produce a product, for which there are no close substitutes and in which significant barriers to entry prevent other firms from entering the industry to compete for profit is called Pure Monopoly. One firm ; unique product ; with no close substitutes ; much control over price ; price maker ; entry is blocked ; mostly public relation advertising. * There is Market Power * Single Seller * One product ( Limited or no group substitutes ) * Barriers to entry The Meralco Electric Company is a perfect example of Monopoly in the Philippines. The only supplier of electricity in our country Birth of Meralco in 1903. Meralco started its electric service to Manila by taking over operation of La Electricista's system. However, Meralco built its own steam generating plant on Isla Provisora near the Ayala Bridge which powered the streetcar system and eventually also the electric service. Getting Started, 1903-1905 On April 10, 1905, Meralco's street railway system was formally inaugurated. By year-end, the completed system consisted of about 40 miles (63 km.) of track crossing the business section of Manila and beyond. It passed the busy streets of Binondo, Escolta, San Nicolas, Tondo, Caloocan, Malabon, Quiapo, Sampaloc, Santa Mesa, San Miguel, and other strategic parts of Manila. Constituting for a long time the largest single investment of private capital of any nationality in the Philippines, it reflected a pioneering act of faith in the future of the country Over the years, Meralco's transportation service grew and improved. Bigger and better streetcars with double wheel-trucks and closed sides were added. The Electric Service Within less than a decade from 1905, the annual earnings of Meralco's Electric Department began to surpass those of Transportation. When war broke out in 1941, Meralco's earnings were roughly 80% electric, 10% autobuses and 10% railway. There are two types of Monopoly:Regulated MonopolyNon – regulated MonopolyRegulated Monopoly : The government permits the company to set rates that will yield a â€Å"fair return†. Non – regulated Monopoly : Company is free to price at what market will bear IV. Oligopoly One characterized by small number of firms where quantity sold by any one firm is influenced by its choice in respect of strategic variables ( such as prices, product, design, research and development, advertising and sales location ) and these choices are strongly influenced by other firms in the industry. In economics, the market consist of few sellers who are highly sensitive to each other’s pricing and marketing strategies. There are few sellers because it is difficult for new seller to enter the market. Each seller is alert to competitor’s strategies and move. Few firms ; standardized or differentiated products ; some control over price in a narrow range ; relatively easy entry ; much nonprice competition ; advertising ; trademarks ; brand names. In the middle of the market structure, residing closer to monopoly, is oligopoly, characterized by a small number of relatively large competitors. Each with substantial market control. A substantial number of real world markets fits the characteristics of oligopoly. * Small number of firms * Product differentiation may or may not exist * Barriers to entry Examples : 1. Hometown Supermarkets – Supermarkets are few in number in any one area ; their size makes new entry very difficult, there is non – price competition. However, there is much price competition as they compete for market share and there seems to be no collusion. In this regard, the supermarket acts more like a monopolistic competitor. This may vary by area. 2. Steel Industry – within the domestic production market. Firms are few in number, their products are standardized to some extent ; their size makes new entry very difficult ; there is much nonprice competition ; there is little if any, price competition ; while there may be no collusion, there does seem to be much price leadership. V. Cartel A  cartel  is a group of companies, countries or other entities that agree to work together to influence market  prices by controlling the production and sale of a particular product. Cartels  tend to spring from oligopolistic industries, where a few companies or countries generate the entire supply of a product. This small production base means that each producer must evaluate its rivals' potential reactions to certain business decisions. When oligopolies compete on price, for example, they tend to drive the product's price throughout the entire industry down to the cost of production, thereby lowering profits for all producers in the  oligopoly. These circumstances give oligopolies strong incentive to collude in order to maximize their joint  profit. Members of a cartel generally agree to avoid various competitive practices, especially price reductions. Members also often agree on production quotas to keep supply levels down and prices up. These agreements may be formal or they may consist of simple recognition that competitive behavior would be harmful to the industry. A cartel is formed when a group of independently owned businesses agrees not to compete with each other in areas such as prices, territories, and production. A cartel agreement is considered a collusive agreement in that the different parties agree not to allow market forces to determine their pricing, production, and other business practices. Rather, the members of the cartel agree on such matters as what price to charge, how much to produce, and which markets to serve. * Rice in the Philippines is cartelized. There are seven rice cartels here in the Philippines, all controlled by Filipino-Chinese traders. Cartels use legitimate rice traders cooperatives or farmers cooperatives to get rice importation permits. These permits are then used to procure rice from abroad. What traders do is put aside the whole milled rice with that of the broken. Normally, when we buy a kilo of rice. A kilo of rice differs in prices depending on the composition of whole and broken rice. Normally, its 70-30, meaning 70% whole grains with 30% broken ones. The percentage of broken rice decreases if the trader wants to increase price. So price really depends on how small or how little the percentage of broken rice you have in a kilo. If you buy a kilo of whole grain, that is higher than that of all broken rice. VI . Summary We have seen that there are four basic market structure in the Philippines. Producers are led by the profit motive to produce those goods and services which the consumers want. They try to do this at the minimum possible cost in order to maximize their profits. Moreover, there is a competition among a number of producers, they will each try to keep the price of their product low in order to attract the consumers. The goods produced are made available in the market by traders. They also act in their own self interest. VII. Analysis The Philippines economy is the world’s 43rd largest in the world as of 2012. The Philippines has undergone a transformation from being an agricultural based country to a industrialized country. The economy is now vastly dependent on the services and manufacturing sector. The country has a total labor force of around 38. 1 million. Labour and capital intensive industries can be distinguished in terms of their employment generating potential. A labour intensive industry or method of production, can be considered to be one which generates more employment per unit of investment. VIII. Conclusion Therefore I conclude that the operation of market forces brings out the best results when there is Pure Competition in the economy. Pure competition is a situation where there are a very large number of firms producing the same product, and size of no firms is so large that can exercise dominating influence over market. Under these conditions, the competition between the firms is such that they tend to manufacture their products at a very competitive price and a high level of efficiency and productivity prevails in the market. IX. Recommendation I therefore recommend that the monopoly company in the Philippines to lessen their price cost for the consumer because as we all know that they are only supplier of the electricity in the country. All of the people over the country pay for their business and if they will do that the whole country will benefit on it and it will not affect their firm even if they got 1 peso per consumer because every Filipino purchased their product (Electricity) and one of the most important thing in a business is electricity. And for cartels to be fair in doing their products, arrangements and mergers that limit  competition. Traditionally, when we fail in fixing the economy, and fail to anticipate the rise of this basic staple, sure enough, expect a potential crisis in the streets. And if we do not balance the competition between one another there will be no effect in the growth of the economy of our country. X. References http://www. scribd. com/ http://www. britannica. com. ph/ http://www. investinganswers. com/ http://www. enotes. com/ http://www. newphilrevolution. com/ Economics for managers

Corruption Is A Big Cause Of Corruption - 856 Words

The topic I chose for my research paper is corruption in Africa. Corruption is one of the most deadly, wicked and immoral evil that endures in the society. Corruption is a toxic which has been meal in the mind of erroneous people in the society. We can see corruption in almost most parts of the world, but I would like to focus more on Africa and how the people there suffer because of these mal practices practiced by the people who have power and authority. If the people who have the power and authority to govern the people rather, than serving them starts asking them for a bribe for they service they need to give them, the society will never flourish. Corruption is a big cause of disparities in the civilization and community. It affects the evolution and progress of the country in all features like socially, economically and politically. Corruption is the mistreatment of community property, position, control and power for fulfilling the selfish determinations to attain personal fulfilments. In an article named, An Anticorruption Plea in Kenya: ‘Please, Just Steal a Little’ written by Jeffrey Gettleman for the New York Times states how $85 was spent on a single ballpoint pen. The money used spent was taking from the money for government spending. These type of practices will never help an economy to flourish, rather it will destroy the economy and the country will never be able to reach its true potential. Corruption is highly extent in the area of civil service,Show MoreRelatedLaw Enforcement : Public Safety1291 Words   |  6 PagesPolice Corruption By: Michael Dunn Law Enforcement 2nd Period Michael Dunn Mr. Manley April 24, 2015 Law Enforcement Public Safety Final The topic of public safety that I chose to research is corruption. 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Global Warming And Terrorism Terrorism - 971 Words

Global warming and terrorism are two transnational problems that states face in the 21st century. Globalization has brought the attention of the entire world to come together to solve the issues of collective goods for the betterment of mankind. The effects of man-made global warming and terrorism - mainly suicide terrorism, are certainly challenges that call for solutions. When solving terrorism, states must invest heavily in homeland security in order to send a powerful message towards terrorist organizations. Cooperation and the ability to give up power and sovereignty from every state government to use the tools at their disposal at the local, regional, and national level is vital in solving such transnational problems. 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The Effects of Technology on the Accounting Profession

The Effects of Technology on the Accounting Profession ACC/340 The Effects of Technology on the Accounting Profession Advancements in technology have allowed companies, small and large, to keep accurate financial records and eliminate paper entries. Technology has also allowed individuals in the accounting field the ability to interpret the financial information efficiently and effectively. With the introduction of the internet, a company now has the option to expand their business beyond a specific geographic area, and seek new opportunities for expansion around the globe. The introductions of new software programs, which can be designed to meet the specific needs of an industry, assist with the internal operations and†¦show more content†¦Through the intranet, which is the internal software, CEO’s have access to the company’s financial health, sales-personnel can access client and vendor information, and managers can determine operating costs within their departments. 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Many people overlook the importance of the role of accounting technology in business and in the accounting profession. The fact is technology such as accounting information systems can make or break a business. Utilization of Information Technology in the Retail Businesses (Wal-Mart) To succeed in the rapidly evolving business environment we face today, businesses rely heavily on accounting technology to track information about their customers and inventory (Lazerus, 2010). Wal-Mart and other businesses around the world have also come to rely†¦show more content†¦With the development accounting information systems managers have inherited the task of learning and training their employees what they learn. For example, in a retail store accounting systems are used to order, locate and organize inventory so supervisors are tasked with learning and training employees to perform these tasks. 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Therefore, the audit of the past was carried out in a la rgely manual way with a relatively high proportionRead MoreWhat Makes Someone A Good Writer?915 Words   |  4 Pagesabout Accounting, which is my major, and its connection to language. Being that Accounting is my major, I didn t need much help writing my paper but I still used evidence from articles to prove my points. Not only did my first paper show my use of epistemology, but it also prepared me for my career, by enhancing my knowledge of accounting. I, luckily, had another chance to learn more about my major because of this class. I chose to do my eight page research paper on the effects technology has on

Geronimo Essay Example For Students

Geronimo Essay I was born in No-doyohn Canon, Arizona, June, 1829. In that country which lies around the head waters of the Gila River Iwas reared. This range was our fatherland; among these mountainsour wigwams were hidden; the scattered valleys contained our fields;the boundless prairies, stretching away on every side, were ourpastures; the rocky caverns were our burying places. I was fourth in a family of eight children four boys and four girls. Ofthat family, only myself, my brother, Porico, and my sister,Nah-da-ste , are yet alive. We are held as prisoners of war in thisMilitary Reservation (Fort Sill). As a babe I rolled on the dirt floor of my fathers tepee, hung in mytsoch (Apache name for cradle) at my mothers back, or suspendedfrom the bough of a tree. I was warmed by the sun, rocked by thewinds, and sheltered by the trees as other Indian babes. When a child my mother taught me the legends of our people; taughtme of the sun and sky, the moon and stars, the clouds and storms. Stationed at the fort at that time were many men who would later become wellknown in theArmy: Colonel W. B. Royall, commanding officer of the fort and the 4th Cavalry, who wasresponsible for the logistical support of the Geronimo campaign; Leonard Wood, who wentalong on the expedition as contract surgeon; Lieutenant Colonel G. H. Forsyht; CaptainC.A.P. Hatfield; Captain J.H. Dorst; and First Lieutenant Powhatan H. Clarke, who wasimmortalized by the artist, Remington, for saving a black trooper during the campaign. With the fort as advance base for the pursuit forces, the heliograph communicationsnetwork, which General Miles had established in Arizona and New Mexico, was usedeffectively for logistical purposes. However, the Indians and the Army were conductingtheir chase in Mexico where the system did not extend. So the most the heliograph coulddo in the campaign was relay messages brought by fast riders from the border. April 1, 1886 was the date that Captain Lawton led his troopers with two pack trains and30 Indian Scouts through the Huachuca Mountains to Nogales, Mexico, to pick upGeronimos trail. Though various units would join the pursuit later and separate to followtrails left by the Indians back and forth across the border, there were few times that Armytroops and members of Geronimos band would come face to face. Four Months later, Captain Lawton and Leonard Wood were sent back to Fort Huachcua,worn down by the rough country and grueling campaign. More than 3,000 miles were covered by the Indians and the Army during the chase, whichtook a month longer than General Miles had planned. The men had walked and riddenthrough some of the most inaccessible desert land in North America, in heat sometimesabove 110 degrees. After Geronimos surrender, B Troop of the 4th Cavalry was given the mission ofescorting the Apaches to Florida. The chase of Geronimo caught the interest of the Nation and the World. In 1887 PresidentGrover Cleveland approved the transfer of B Troop, 4th Cavalry to Fort Myer, VA, nearWashington, D.C. There, with Captain Lawton still commanding, the troop formed anhonor guard, and were reviewed by dignitaries, both foreign and national. Captain Lawton, who had won the Medal of Honor with the 30th Indiana Infantry in theCivil War, also fought in Cuba in 1898, and was killed in action in the Philippines in 1899as a Major General. Leonard Wood kept a complete account of the Geronimo campaign and later, when he wasassigned to Cuba, put to good use his experiences in the pursuit. In 1895 in Cuba heserved under General Samuel Whitside, who had founded Fort Huachuca in March 1877 asa Captain of B Company, 6th Cavalry. Leonard Wood later rose to the rank of Generaland became Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army. Elements of the 4th were stationed at Fort Huachuca from 1884 to 1890. During WorldWar II the 4th was reorganized and redesignated the 4th Cavalry, Mechanized. Afternumerous reassignments and changes, it became the 4th Cavalry, Armored. .uc5d8060853ab7e5da9462647e9b1939d , .uc5d8060853ab7e5da9462647e9b1939d .postImageUrl , .uc5d8060853ab7e5da9462647e9b1939d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc5d8060853ab7e5da9462647e9b1939d , .uc5d8060853ab7e5da9462647e9b1939d:hover , .uc5d8060853ab7e5da9462647e9b1939d:visited , .uc5d8060853ab7e5da9462647e9b1939d:active { border:0!important; } .uc5d8060853ab7e5da9462647e9b1939d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc5d8060853ab7e5da9462647e9b1939d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc5d8060853ab7e5da9462647e9b1939d:active , .uc5d8060853ab7e5da9462647e9b1939d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc5d8060853ab7e5da9462647e9b1939d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc5d8060853ab7e5da9462647e9b1939d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc5d8060853ab7e5da9462647e9b1939d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc5d8060853ab7e5da9462647e9b1939d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc5d8060853ab7e5da9462647e9b1939d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc5d8060853ab7e5da9462647e9b1939d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc5d8060853ab7e5da9462647e9b1939d .uc5d8060853ab7e5da9462647e9b1939d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc5d8060853ab7e5da9462647e9b1939d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Roman Army EssayAn Apache war chief, Geronimo, and a small band of warriors brokeout of a concentration camp. He fought a guerrilla campaign againsthundreds of United States cavalry and held out for months by raidingfrom the mountains which had been the Apache range until the white mencame. While the cavalry followed rumours and false trails from canyonto mesa, newspapers in the east quickly made the defiant Apache a folklegend, demonizing him and at the same time making him a symbol of thevanishing frontier. It was only with the help of other Apache scouts that the cavalryat last cornered Geronimo and negotiated his surrender. Geronimo, whohad left the army concentration camps twice before, returned to thefences and lived until he was old by learning to sign his name inEnglish and selling his autographs at wild west shows. Sufferingfrom tuberculosis and pneumonia, Geronimo died pathetically on a winternight, alone, after

The Opium War Essays (601 words) - Medicinal Plants, Morphine, Opium

The Opium War The Opium War, generally taken as the opening event of China's modern history, has cynical Chinese patriots and ashamed devoted Westerners for more than a century. In mainland China it is used today not only as indication of firmly established Western immorality, but precisely as proof of the Marxist-Leninist principle that free-enterprise capitalism leads to hostile ?imperialism? which allies with conservative ?feudalism? to the expense of the common people everywhere. The modern Chinese sense of complaint over the war is reinforced by the obvious facts that opium smoking was harmful and that Commissioner Lin's effort to repress the opium trade was the instantaneous event for battle. It would be hard to invent a more unmistakable and intelligible, black and white, story of Chinese victimization than the data of history seem to represent. In contrast, the wrongs suffered by the American colonists, who led them to rebel against British oppression, sink into lack of importance. Indeed, the question is inescapable: why was the Chinese reaction to the opium evil not more powerful? The inquiring philosopher finds the Opium War less starkly black and white. He may have concluded that the Anglo-Chinese armed conflict would have occurred, whether there was opium trade or not. The Western powers would have aggressed against China even if Britain had not, and that Chinese patriot today would have a sense of complaint even if Sino-Westerners relations had avoided warfare. These suppositions ensue from the fundamental fact that Chinese civilization had developed its own unique ways, distinct from Western ways, but that by 1840 it had lost the power to sustain itself vis-?-vis the expanding west. The rule of a million or so Manchus over some 300 million Chinese was a symptom of the institutional distinctiveness of the Chinese Empire. Which made it behave quite differently from a modern nation-state. The China of today, where a late-maturing patriotism now views the past with a substantial was feeling of humiliation. The Japanese Restoration was as briskly accomplished as the supporters of the Imperial cause had elaborately prepared it for. The forces, which finally drive the Emperor ahead into the situation of an active ruler, were of random scale of power and of different origin, intellectual idealistic, political, and military, some at work for particular centuries and others the conclusion of the two decades instantaneously preceding the event. Of the methods adopted to guarantee the success of this movement, some were the inclination of men of high essence who were loyally and unselfishly dutiful to the national ideal, while others were surely those of jealous and rash samurai, bent on retaliation or development of their own fortunes. Among the true promoters of the progress for the Emperor's reparation there were two very distinct views of its meaning. To the Conservatives it was a return to great age, to the Radicals a renewal. As time went on and the exigencies of change began to exercise their intrinsic force, it became evident that the more cautious directors of the movement could no longer craze it upon the pattern of great age. To set up in the middle of the nineteenth century for the government, was an unattainable task, and finally the views of the more radical reformers prevailed. At once it came clear that nothing short of a complete ?renovation? of the Government of Japan would meet the changed state of affairs of the times. The way was opened for the beginning of those exceptional reforms at which the world, frequently uneducated of their true importance, has never ceased to amaze. History Essays